Physiology
·Physiology
Cardiac Output + Frank-Starling
⭐ PREMIUM
CO = HR × SV
SV depends on:
• Preload (venous return) — ↑ EDV → ↑ SV (Frank-Starling)
• Afterload (arterial resistance) — ↑ → ↓ SV
• Contractility (sympathetic, calcium) — ↑ → ↑ SV
Frank-Starling: ↑ stretch of cardiac muscle → ↑ force of contraction. Failing heart shifts curve down + right.
Mean arterial pressure = CO × SVR = DBP + 1/3 (SBP − DBP)…
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