Microbiology
·Hepatitis B Serology
Free
HBsAg → infection · Anti-HBs → immunity · Anti-HBc IgM → acute · Anti-HBc IgG → past · HBeAg → high infectivity
Surface antigen = active infection (acute or chronic). Anti-surface antibody = immunity (vaccinated or recovered). Core IgM = acute (<6mo). Core IgG = past exposure. e antigen = high viral replication / infectivity
Microbiology
·Encapsulated Organisms
Free
Some Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules
Strep pneumoniae, Klebsiella, Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas, Neisseria, Cryptococcus — encapsulated organisms (asplenic patients are at risk)
Immunology
·Hypersensitivity Reactions
Free
ACID
Type I = Anaphylactic (IgE) · Type II = Cytotoxic (IgG, IgM, complement) · Type III = Immune complex · Type IV = Delayed (T-cell mediated)
Cardiology
·ECG Axis Deviation
Free
Lead I, aVF: thumbs
Both up = normal · I up, aVF down = LAD · I down, aVF up = RAD · Both down = extreme axis. Memorise the "thumb pointing toward QRS direction"
Haematology
·Microcytic Anaemia Causes
Free
TICS — Thalassaemia, Iron deficiency, Chronic disease (some), Sideroblastic
MCV < 80 fL. Iron deficiency is most common worldwide. Thalassaemia common in Pakistan. Chronic disease can be normocytic OR microcytic. Sideroblastic = ringed sideroblasts on BM stain
Neurology
·Parkinson Disease Triad
Free
TRAP
Tremor (resting, pill-rolling), Rigidity (cogwheel), Akinesia/Bradykinesia, Postural instability. Plus mask facies, festinating gait, micrographia
Behavioural Sciences
·Defence Mechanisms (Mature)
Free
Sublimation, Suppression, Humour, Altruism
Mature defences: redirect impulse productively. Sublimation = channel into socially acceptable behaviour. Suppression = conscious push-aside. Humour. Altruism
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